The Use Of Infrared Light On The And Of The Dna - 968 Words

The five most prominent biologists in Section 2 include Sister Miriam Michael Stimson, Lynn Margulis, Barbara McClintock, Hans Spemann, Francis P. Rous. First of all, Sister Miriam Stimson studied DNA with the use of infrared light. In order to be able to see only the A’s, C’s G’s and T’s of the DNA with the light, she created â€Å"pills† of potassium bromide which â€Å"were invisible to infrared.† Because of her experiments with the potassium bromide discs and infrared light she agreed with Watson and Crick’s theory: â€Å"DNA bases had only one natural shape, the one that produced perfect hydrogen bonds.† This discovery gave biologists an idea about the construction of DNA. The next biologist who was important in Section 2 was Lynn Margulis. Even though her original work was false, this theory she had later revealed more. Margulis’s theory was endosymbiosis, which basically she saw as â€Å"proof that life has more ways of mixing and evolving than conventional biologists ever dreamed.† However this theory that Margulis created shed light on mitochondria. They realized that mitochondria had relatives such as typhoid bacteria and also found how important mitochondria was for science. In addition, her theory assisted in helping figure out why the evolution process had stalled. Barbara McClintock was the next biologist who was major in this section. McClintock and her assistant Creighton used corn to find their discoveries. They both knew each corn’s chromosomes very well, so it madeShow MoreRelatedImplementation Of New Security Systems Using Biometrics1200 Words   |  5 PagesYear Undergraduate Student in Biomedical Engineering Project: Implementation of New Security Systems using Biometrics. Security in today’s world is key to any resource. 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Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre as a Coming of Age Story Essay

Jane Eyre as a Coming of Age Story Charlotte Brontes classic, Jane Eyre, is a coming of age story. The main character, Jane, travels from the innocence of childhood through the maturity of adulthood. During this journey, Jane goes through the battle of education vs. containment, where she attempts to learn about herself and about the world. She must constantly battle a containment of sorts, however, whether it be a true physical containment or a mental one. This battle of education vs. containment can be seen by following Jane through her different places of residence, including Gateshead Hall, Lowood Institution, Thornfield, Moor House and Morton, and Ferndean Manor, where she is, finally, fully educated and escapes the feeling†¦show more content†¦The red-room is where Mr. Reed had died. It was in this chamber he breathed his last...and, since that day, a sense of dreary consecration had guarded it from frequent intrusion. (Bronte: 46). Nobody wanted to enter the room for long, in fear that the same contain ment might be put upon them. Jane, however, was thrust into the room and feared that the she would be constrained by the chains of death the same way that Mr. Reed was. The events at Gateshead begin the ever present battle between education and containment in Jane Eyre. Jane is sent away by Mrs. Reed to Lowood Institution, a boarding school for orphaned girls where the next battle of education vs. containment would occur. At Lowood, which was surrounded with walls so high as to exclude every glimpse of prospect (Bronte: 80), Jane receives a scholastic education, but is very much contained by the strict discipline and lifestyle as well as the harshness of certain prominent figures there, such as Miss Scatcherd and Mr. Brocklehurst. Jane sees that here, like at Gateshead, the movement towards progress and knowledge is contained. She sees this as her friend, Helen Burns, gives a near perfect recital of her history lesson, ready with answers on every point (Bronte: 86), but is still disciplined by Miss Scatcherd for having dirty fingernails, which she could not clean because the water had been frozen that morning.Show MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast: Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre and James Joyces Araby830 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast: Charlo tte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and James Joyce’s Araby James Joyce’s Dubliners is a collection of short stories developed chronologically from his youth to adulthood. Joyce attempts to tell a coming of age story through Dubliners. In particular, Araby is about a young boy who is separated from his youth by realizing the falsity of love. 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Through the results of those choices, Jane learns to balance passion and practicality to achieve true happiness.    Jane is a spirited woman, and her emotions give her a strength of characterRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1714 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brà ¶nte voiced the radical opinions of Brà ¶nte on religion, gender, and social class. Jane Eyre, a young orphan who lived with her vituperative aunt and cousins, strayed away from the Victorian ideals of a woman and established a new status for herself. Jane Eyre was originally written in 1827 and was heavily influenced by the late gothic literature of the 19th century. Gothic literary aspects such as supernatural occurrences, mysteries and dark secrets, madness and dangerRead MoreJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesIn Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre, the relationships Jane has with the male characters demonstrates her coming of age from dependence to independence because Jane begins by rebelling against John and Mr. Brocklehurst, she leaves Mr. Rochester, and denies St. John’ s proposal. Jane’s acts of rebellion against John Reed shows that she is tired of being dependent on him and his family. Also, by showing signs of rebellion to Mr. Brocklehurst when she first is interviewed to see if the school Lowood is theRead MoreFunhouse Mirrors: Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesTim Bartlett ENG 396 March 23, 2011 Funhouse Mirrors: Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason â€Å"Jane Eyre† is a book centred around female duality. In a time when females were still expected to fulfill their â€Å"womanly duties,† Charlotte Bronte wrote a novel dealing with a woman’s view on morality sexuality, passion sensibility, and conformity insanity, among other themes. This motif of duality plays a strong part in the dynamism that makes up the book, and is not limited to the themes, but is also usedRead MoreEmely Bronte and Wuthering Heights1340 Words   |  5 Pages1818 to be exact, that a legend was born. Emily Jane Brontà «, the fifth of six children, came into existence. (Information found on GradeSaver) Her father, Reverend Patrick Brontà «, grew up as a peasant while her mother, Maria Brontà « Branwell was quite wealthy. The two became a pair and after years of marriage, finally had a family of eight. Though the family was not fully united for long. (page 10, Howard) Their were a heap full of little Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s when Maria was still alive, which were Maria, namedRead MoreTremendous Spirit and Feminism Displayed in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre1949 Words   |  8 PagesTremendous spirit. The enviable trait that Jane Eyre from Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre possesses is what stimulates her to achieve self-actualization despite the fact that she is a woman. True feminism isn’t as violent as a handful of vicious extremists claim it to be. The accurate definition of feminism is â€Å"the doctrine advocating women’s social, political, civil, educational and all other rights as equal to those of men.† Women of Charlotte Bronte’s era did not have basic rights such as the aforementionedRead MoreJane Eyre: a Coming of Age Story -Grade = 80b1762 Words   |  8 PagesJane Eyre: A Coming of Age Story Charlotte Bronte’s novel, Jane Eyre, is a coming of age story, about a young, orphaned, and submissive girl growing up, through many hardships, into a young, passionate, and free willed woman. Charlotte Bronte begins the story with a ten-year-old Jane Eyre living with an impartial and sometimes cruel aunt, Aunt Reed. Aunt Reed, after neglecting Jane for the whole of her life, finally decides to send her away to boarding school, to Lowood School. Upon her departure

Emily free essay sample

What mainly interested me to this movie is the fact that just because one is viewed as less than others, change is always possible through hard work. Summary: The Great Debaters is a movie that involves the harsh reality of racism during the 1930’s through 1960’s. Racism has always been an everlasting damaging problem in humanity. It is not only the belief that one racial group is superior over another but also the belief that if an individual possesses certain qualities then that individual is considered worthless therefore they should be subordinates to the other group. During a time of separation within a nation, four individuals demonstrated that importance and strength behind knowledge. In The Great Debaters, three young college individuals were led by a knowledgeable professor in a debate team. Mr. Tolson was a strong willed individual who stood up for what he believed. He taught these acute students how to be proud, confident, and intellectual. They became resourceful and discussed many topics other people were unwilling to talk about. The debaters not only struggled to remain unified they also had to deal with the harsh reality of racism in the South from witnessing unfair treatment of the law to a lynching of an African American. Through his rigorous teaching methods and their determination to be the best, Mr. Tolson led the debaters to become the first all black college to debate a white university and beat the prestigious dominant debate school of Harvard University. Theory: Theories are a set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe or explain a phenomenon. One can apply any of the three theoretical approaches throughout The Great Debaters. To approach this from a structural-functional perspective, or to look at this from the mindset that â€Å"society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability† (Macionis 13), one has to view how the society interacts. The Great Debaters took place during a time period where racism was dominant. During this time in the South, there were unwritten rules which many African Americans had to conform to in order to avoid conflict and maintain a balance within society. While driving his family down a dirt road, Dr. James Farmer Sr. accidently hit and killed a farmers pig. The owner of the pig happened to be a white male who immediately ran out his house with a pistol and demanded payment. Seeing that Dr. Farmer was an African American male, the white farmer demanded an unrealistic amount of twenty-five dollars. Fearing for his family’s safety, Dr. Farmer offered to write over his monthly check from Wiley College to the farmer. The farmer not only took the check but also made Dr. Farmer help him load the pig onto his truck. Dr. Farmer knew the pig wasn’t worth that much money but in order to avoid a confrontation that could have possibly placed his family’s life in danger; he opted to give up everything he had. This relates to the structural approach in the fact that each group knew the reality of how society was functioning so they chose to behave in the manner that made society work. Social-conflict approach or the thought that â€Å"society is an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change† (Macionis 15), was presented when the sharecroppers had a peaceful and lawful gathering in attempt to unionize and stand up to the farm bosses for unfair treatment. The sheriff and the farm bosses found out of the meeting and decided to raid the farm house and beat the sharecroppers in attempt to strike fear in them from unionizing. This attempt failed and instead brought the sharecroppers closer together after finding out the sheriff wrongfully imprisoned Mr. Tolson. The sharecroppers knew they were at a disadvantage so by unionizing they could stand up for their rights, challenge the system, and bring change. Symbolic-interaction approach was also evident in this film. The symbolic-interaction approach states that â€Å"society is the product of the everyday interactions with individuals† (Macionis 17). This was shown immensely throughout the film in the character Henry Lowe. Henry Lowe was a young student who had witnessed traumatizing events throughout his life. The other members of the debate team didn’t understand him until they also witnessed a traumatizing event that Mr. Lowe was too familiar with, a lynching. The other members of the debate team were unfamiliar with this part society. They didn’t understand why people would behave in such way. The reality was that these events had shaped Mr. Lowe into who he actually was therefore making him extremely passionate in everything he did especially debating and standing up for what was right. Literature Review: The Great Debaters dealt with the struggles of racism and sexual discrimination. During a time where women were viewed less than men, Samantha Booke demonstrated that women also have knowledge and the capabilities to be as intellectual as men. She demonstrated this through her powerful speeches during her debates. Rosemary Brown quoted that â€Å"changing society is an ongoing personal and political struggle; it is tough, it is hard and it has no foreseeable ending† (238). Rosemary Brown quoted this in regards to the sexism that is always occurring in today’s society. Even though Samantha Booke was a young lady that wasn’t supposed to achieve such high education, she strived forward with hard work and determination to prove to society that she was more than capable. Racism dominated every aspect of life. As a result many African Americans were denied liberties. Racial court decisions such as Dred Scott v. Sandford (1856) and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) contributed to this unfair treatment. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1856) stated that African American were not citizens and therefore had no protection under the Bill Of Rights. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) established the separate but equal phrase. In The Great Debaters all the students were viewed inferior to the other students of the white universities. It wasn’t until they proved they were just as capable at winning debates, that the white universities accepted their challenge to debate. The stigma attached to African Americans made white universities believe they were not as smart. This continues to occur in today’s society since people believe if you come from a certain place you are at a disadvantage. Also, the belief that whites were superior created by segregation led to radical racial tension between the groups. Eventually, these tensions resulted in lynching. Any person of color who challenged white superiority risked being hanged or burned alive by hate-filled whites (Macionis 602). In The Great Debaters, the whites feared that African Americans reached a high level of accomplishment. To combat these ideas, the whites used violence to place fear in the African Americans. Critique: The Great Debaters was an amazing movie that provided inspirational characters that stood up for what they believed no matter what. During a time of racism, struggle, and sexual discrimination, the debaters proved that anything is possible. The thing that captivated my attention the most about this film is the fact that one cannot let society make who you are. People must be willing to want change. This film benefits anyone looking for a sense of encouragement. It shows that hard work and determination can take you very far in life. Conclusion: The Great Debaters gave way to a new generation of hope. Often, many people fail to look at the truth behind society and live their daily lives as if nothing was wrong. At times they conform to what can be morally wrong. This film allows us to see the harsh reality of life and a problem that still exist today. Racism can be a powerful boundary that can be hard to overcome. The Great Debaters proves that hard work and a strong will is the key to success and as long as one is willing to stand up and fight for one’s right then change is always possible. Works Cited Brown, Rosemary. Overcoming Racism and Sexism-How? Ottawa, 1990 Dred Scott Decision. Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia. Copyright 2012 www. ushistory. org/us/32a. asp Macionis, John J. Sociology. Boston: Pearson, 2010. Print. Plessy v. Ferguson. http://www. law. cornell. edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0163_0537_ZS. html

Intelligence Essays (1487 words) - Intelligence, Psychometrics

Intelligence The increasingly difficult life for low IQ people is not caused by high IQ people, but by other factors. Segregation and tension occur across IQ lines by the nature of humanity and not by the implications of high IQ people. Let's face it, life is tough for everyone regardless of his or her placement on the intelligence scale. You're too smart, too stupid, too beautiful, too ugly, too hard, too soft, too nice too mean; we've all heard it. Almost everyone can indicate some inherent trait that has made his or her life difficult. Individuals with a low IQ may point out that their low level of g has been the cause of problems in life. Intelligence researchers have found strong evidence that suggests a higher success rate for individuals of higher IQ. A high IQ is an advantage in life because virtually all activities require some reasoning and decision-making. Conversely, a low IQ is often a disadvantage?there are many exceptions, but the odds for success in our society greatly favor individuals with higher IQs. (Gottfredson, page 14). Murray says, It is better to be born smart and poor, than rich and stupid. With the constantly growing number of g-loaded tasks playing a more significant role in our daily rou tines, life may be increasingly difficult for low IQ people. An individual's IQ, they found, is a better predictor of his prospects in life than his parents' wealth or education or all the other factors that taken together are called socioeconomic status. (Seebach - interpreting Murray's findings). Now that we've spotted a potential problem, we're going to want someone to blame for the increasingly difficult life of a low IQ person. Placing this fault on the high IQ people may feel like a good idea initially (revenge for the brain that always ruined the teacher's test curve in high school algebra class by scoring 100% on an exam that Pythagorean himself couldn't pass). However, it is simply not feasible to claim that those of a higher IQ are creating an increasingly difficult life for low IQ people because there is no solid evidence to support this allegation. We can't blame the high IQ people for pursuing the American dream and using their abilities or for taking advantage of the increasing number of opportunities that are given to them. Perhaps the increasingly difficult life for low IQ people is being brought about by a general change in the attitude of society as a whole. Occupations that require a higher IQ are much better paid than those that are barely affected by the workers' level of g (Gottfredson). This displays that society is actually rewarding high IQ people and placing a great value on intelligence. A recent article in the New York Times reports about a couple who were willing to pay up to $50,000 to an egg donor with high SAT scores. Although some may argue against the shallowness of this plight, these individuals are candidly willing to admit the importance of intelligence in the world today and they are seeking the best opportunity for their child. Whichever way one sees it, placing intelligence at a price of $50,000 really puts the value of a high IQ into perspective. The government seems to be doing a fair amount of regulation these days. With the presence of HMO's and the control of schools, one may say that the government is playing a significant role in the increasingly difficult life of those with lower g. The government provides us with items such as the perpetually complicated tax form, which is placed at a level four or five on the NALS scale. A recent article entitled High-tech parking meters prove too taxing, describes the installation of newfangled computerized 'pay stations' that seem to be causing problems for low cognitive thinkers in St. Petersburg, Florida. The government sponsors horrendous welfare programs and sets the terribly low minimum wage; two faculties that are abundantly used by the low IQ people in our society. For the most part, everyone in the United States is given equal opportunities in the sense of equal provisions and not in the sense of equal outcomes. Is the United States government making a low IQ person's life

Many movies are made to mimic popular books

Many movies are made to mimic popular books. Many times, the movie does not do the book any justice. This is the case with the movie of Ordinary People. Judith Guests praised book, Ordinary People, uses complex characters and their thoughts to tell the story of three people dealing with a tragedy; on the contrary, the movie focuses mainly on the tragedy. The book is far more effective than the movie because of the pivotal scenes and characterization. The characterization in the book is substantially stronger. The story is basically told through the thoughts of the main character, Conrad, and his father, Calvin. These thoughts allow one to understand what is going on in the characters mind and understand what they are going through more effectively. In the book, Conrad describes the death of Buck, his brother, in detail through his thoughts and in his dreams. It makes it easy to understand what happened. In the movie, only a few dreams are shown. If the book had not been read first, it would be very hard to understand what these dreams were all about. Scenes throughout the book used the inner thoughts of Calvin and Conrad to explain what was happening in the story. Without these thoughts, the story line was very hard to follow. Vital scenes in the book were excluded from the movie. One pivotal scene involves Conrads mother, Beth, and Conrad quitting the swim team. Beth was asked by one of her friends why Conrad quit swimming. At that point, Beth didnt even know that Conrad had quit swimming. This is what upset Beth. After returning home, Beth confronted Conrad about the fact that he had not told them about the swim team. Conrad said that he was waiting for the right time. This scene reiterated the fact that Beth was unable to fully love. This scene was completely omitted from the movie. This scene helped prove that Beth was only concerned about herself, without it, one does not get to see ...

What is Early Decision Should You Do It

What is Early Decision Should You Do It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you've heard the term early decision in college admissions, you've probably heard it with the word "binding." What exactly does binding early decision mean, and why do schools offer it? This guide will clear up all your questions around early decision, from what it means to how it works. To begin, what is early decision and what makes it different than other college application options? As you may know, Early Decision applications are typically due in November, much earlier than regular decision deadlines. You get to know early on if you'll be going to the college you apply to. But there's something really special about ED college admissions. What's Unique About Early Decision? Early decision, unlike regular decision or evenearly action, involves abinding agreement of enrollment.When you apply, you sign a contract agreeing to enroll in the school if you get accepted. Since this contract's a big commitment, you'll also need a parent and your school counselor on board to sign it, too. Because it's binding, you should only apply ED if you're completely, absolutely, positively sure you want to attend the school. You should havestrong, concrete reasons for wanting to go there, like the high quality of the program you want to major in (rather than the high quality of the cafeteria food). You can only apply to one school early decision (for obvious reasons). If you're accepted, not only will yousend your deposit soon after you get accepted, but you're also obligated to withdraw any other applications you made to other schools. If you, like the majority of students, will be applying for financial aid, then you might be asking one big question right about now. How can you agree to enroll in a schoolbefore getting to see your financial aid offer? Fair concern, and one that early decision, unfortunately, doesn't provide for. Some schools claim to meet all demonstrated financial need, and it may be possible to negotiate with the financial aid office if your offer isn't what you hoped it would be. For the most part, though, early decision asks you tosign the contract regardless of financial aid.This condition makes ED an application option that's just not available for every student. Apart from the fact that it involves a binding contract, you also want to learn what your deadlines are for early decision. Fun (if somewhat confusing) fact:not all early decision deadlines are actually early!Read on to find out what I mean. Is early decision binding? Yes. But it may or may not have an "early" deadline. When Are the Deadlines for Early Decision? Most early decision deadlines are in the fall. The most common ED deadline isNovember 1.Usually, you'll hear back a month or two later, like in mid-December. You might receive one of three responses:accepted, denied, or deferred.If your application gets deferred to the regular applicant pool, then you're no longer bound to the ED contract and can apply wherever you want (at that point, probably under regular decision deadlines). Some schools also offer a second, later ED deadline in January. This later deadline, which is still binding, is calledEarly Decision II.If you decide you want more time to work on your application and apply ED II, then you'll hear back from your school sometime in February. There's along list of schoolsthat offer early decision. For the purposes of this guide, I'll just list some of the most popular ones. Schools with Early Decision Some schools with aNovember early decision deadlineare Brown, Cornell, Dartmouth, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Northwestern, and the University of Pennsylvania. Their deadlines are all November 1, except for Johns Hopkins with its November 2 deadline. These schools don't offer ED II. Some colleges that offerboth ED I with a November deadline and ED II with a January deadlineare American University, Boston University, Bowdoin, Brandeis, Colby Pomona, Smith, Vanderbilt, and Wesleyan. The ED II for most of these schools is January 1 or January 15. While these schools offer two options for early decision, neither deadline is flexible. You still have to get all your materials in bythe stated date. So what else besides the enrollment agreement do you need to submit to apply early decision? How Do You Apply Early Decision? Applying early decision is pretty much the same as applying regular decision. The one addition is the enrollment agreement thatyou, your counselor, and one of your parents must sign.A large number of early decision schools use the Common Application, and this form, plus everything else you need, can be foundthere. If your school uses its own application, then the contract will be found on their individual online portal. Either way, you'll fill out your application, provide your test scores, paste your personal essay, and invite one or tworecommendersto upload letters. Make sure to send yourofficial score reportfrom your College Board or ACT account, since self-reporting won't be sufficient by itself. Similarly, you'll need to request that your school send your official transcript as a record of all your high school grades up to that point. Applying ED can have a lot of perks for you as an applicant. You finish applying to your dream school early and hear back months before regular notification whether or not you got in. Butwhy do colleges offer this option?What's in it for them? ED gives colleges an accurate sense of their yield, or of how many accepted students will enroll. Why Do Colleges Offer Early Decision? Early decision is an appealing option to colleges for a few reasons. For one, itspreads out the application review process. Instead of reading thousands of applications all in one or two months, early decision deadlines space out the process between the fall and the winter. For smaller schools with fewer resources and less staff, this can be extremely helpful. A second reason that early decision is useful to colleges is that it gives them a more precise idea of how many accepted students will end up enrolling. Under regular decision, admissions committees offer more spots than they have available, since only a certain percentage of applicants will end up taking those spots. With early decision, though, all ED applicants agree to enroll if accepted. Therefore,colleges gain a clear sense of their ultimate yield, or of how many accepted students will attend the school. Finally, early decision is attractive to colleges because early decision candidates tend to besome of the most qualified candidates.Students who are prepared to commit to a college have done their research and have a strong sense of their goals and purpose. Those who apply in November are usually organized and prepared. Most students don't apply early to a reach school; instead, they apply early if their grades and scores are at least on target with the school's expectations. Some colleges, likeHarvardand the University of Virginia, spoke out against early decision and early action, nothing that early admissions tend to favor students from higher SES backgrounds. They argued that early admissions predominantly benefit white, wealthy students with greater "cultural capital" and access to early college counseling. While this may be true, especially with early decision since it's binding, other colleges didn't follow suit. Harvard and UVA have since reintroduced early action, likely for the very reason mentioned above. They weremissing out on the qualified and competitive students who apply early.Some schools have switched from early decision to early action to address this financial concern, but plenty of schools do still offer early decision for students able to apply this way. Clearly, early decision has some advantages for colleges, but what about for you as an applicant? Do you have a better chance of getting accepted if you apply ED? Does Applying Early Decision Give You an Advantage? Besides receiving your admissions decision earlier than normal, does applying early decision give you any other advantages? Some people think it does, because there's evidence ofhigher early decision acceptance ratesthan regular decision acceptance rates. Compared to regular decision candidates, usually a larger fraction of early decision applicants get in. Does this mean that you have a better chance of getting in as an ED applicant? Not necessarily. It could simply reflect the fact that a higher percentage of ED candidates were qualified, whereas a lot of regular decision applicants applied to the school as a reach and didn't realistically expect to get in. On the other hand, applying ED could impress admissions officers. It shows howcommitted you to a school and excited you are about going there.As discussed above, schools benefit from gaining a more accurate sense of their yield and of course, are looking for the most qualified applicants. If you show that you're both qualified and committed to attending, then you may gain an upper hand as an ED candidate. Overall,sending the strongest application you can should be your top priority.If your school only has a November ED deadline and that feels like a rush, then you'd probably benefit from taking a few extra months to prepare and maybe take the SAT or ACT again. If you do feel prepared and want to apply ED, make sure first to give thought tothe following questions. Are You Sure the College is Your Number One Choice? Is your heart set on attending this college? If you answered no, then early decision probably isn't for you. If you're set on a certain school, then that's a good foundation to start considering early decision. If you do have a school in mind, you shoulddefine your reasons for wanting to attend.Does the school have a program you want to study and an environment that suits you? Make sure you've done research into the school's academics, social scene, and culture to ensure it's the right fit for you. Learn whether your school has the opportunities that will help you grow and succeed over the next four years. Visit campus, speak with students, faculty, or admissions officers, and gain a strong sense of what college life would be like. Applying early decision on a whim or because you feel pressure that you should are not good reasons to apply ED. You also should take pause if you're someone who changes your mind a lot. You should sign a binding contract to enroll becauseyou're sure that you want to go to that school if you get accepted.Once you've answered this question, you want to think abouthow prepared you areto put together your application. Are You Ready to Apply Early Decision? If your school offers the later Early Decision II deadline in January, then you don't have to worry too much about a change in timing. However, if your school only offers the early decision deadline in November, then you want tomake sure you're organized and ready to go in time for the early deadline. As I mentioned above, your top priority should be sending off the best application you can. Even if a school accepts more ED applicants than RD applicants, applying ED won't magically make your application appear any stronger. To make an early deadline, you want to push your planning back a few months. For instance, September or October would probably be your last opportunity to take the ACT or SAT. Ideally, you'd have your test scores all finalized by senior year. You could take your test in the spring of sophomore year, fall of junior year, and spring of junior year to have three opportunities to test, with a fourth "just in case" testing date in the fall in senior year. Make sure to considerhow many test dates you want to leave yourself to achieve your target scores if you're trying to make a November deadline. In terms of yourrecommendations, you want to ask your teachersat least a month in advance.You could also ask your junior year teachers at the end of junior year. You also want to make time to meet with your school counselor and request official documents from your guidance office, like your school transcript, at least a month in advance of deadlines. Finally,work on your personal essay over the summer, giving yourself a few months to revise through several drafts before reaching its final form. Since the personal essay's a very important piece of your application that takes time to brainstorm and write, you want to start planning it a long time before your November deadline. I mentioned that early decision candidates tend to be some of the most competitive, so you want to plan early and submit the most impressive application you can. If you'd benefit from waiting a few more months, then it may make sense to wait for regular decision deadlines (or Early Decision II, if your school offers it). If you start planning your tests, rec letters, and personal essay early, then you'll be prepared to apply early. Then you can relax a little before any regular deadlines since you'll have gathered all the important pieces of your application! Let's say you do have a dream school and you feel prepared to apply by the early decision deadline. You still have one more question to ask yourself:how much does financial aid play into your decision of where to go to college? Are You Concerned About Financial Aid? Does the amount offinancial aidyou receive make or break your decision of where to attend college? If so, then early decision might be a tough option. Unlike early action or regular decision, youcan't compare financial aid offers before deciding where to go.Early decision requires you to agree to enroll regardless of themoneyyou're offered. If you absolutely can't make college tuition work, no one is going to throw you in jail for breaking an early decision agreement. However, breaking the contract would be a rare and unwelcome occurrence, and it's possible that other colleges could find out. To prevent this stressful situation from taking place, you shouldthink about this question before you apply early decision. On the other hand, don't automatically assume you can't apply early decision because you need financial aid.Speak to people in the financial aid office of your school of interest about how they meet demonstrated need.You might be able to gain a clear sense of what your financial aid package will be, allowing you to still make the binding agreement based on this information. In closing, let's go over the most important points to remember about applying early decision to college. To Sum Up... Early decision is an application option for studentsready to make a binding agreement to their dream school.If you're accepted early decision to a school, you will enroll there. If your application is deferred to the regular applicant pool, then you're no longer bound to that agreement and can apply to other schools. Some schools offer an Early Decision II deadline in January in addition to the Early Decision I deadline in November. This can be helpful if you want to communicate your enthusiasm about a school by applying ED, but could use a few more months to put together your application. Applying ED can be a great option if you prepare early. If all goes according to plan, you could have your college plans all finalized by December of your senior year! What's Next? Now that you know all about how early decision works and how to plan for it, check out thiscomplete list of deadlines for all the schools with early decision.Deadlines for both Early Decision I and Early Decision II are included. Are you also considering early action?This guide has thefull list of schools with early action and their deadlines. Feeling concerned about getting everything done in time?This guide givesawesome advice for understanding what makes you procrastinate and learning how to overcome it.While it's geared towards studying for the SAT or ACT, its strategies can also be applied to your schoolwork or the college process. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Use of Promissory Estoppel in Business Contracts Essay

Use of Promissory Estoppel in Business Contracts - Essay Example Promissory Estoppels are great ways to avoid injustices in the cases were normal considerations cannot be provided. However Promissory Estoppel has been full of contradictions since they were first mentioned in Section 90 of Restatement of Contracts. They have invoked varied emotions such as they marked the death of contracts or that contract cases will now be decided simply as torts. Promissory Estoppel is still a work in progress. Although Section 90 and 139 which are the basis of promissory Estoppel are brief but the various court cases and judgements have given new meanings to these two sections. Promissory Estoppels is a way to enforce a contract without any consideration (Farber & Matheson, 1985). A normal contract consists of three main components – an offer being made, the offer being accepted and a consideration being given for the offer (Klass, 2010). As an example let us suppose that company A signs a contract with company B to supply 50 tons of rice per month for $50/ton for 5 years. However if the grain prices fall during the contract period and B wants to renegotiate the price to $40/ton then under the normal contract law this can be done in 2 ways – either by giving a consideration such as agreeing to pay for the transportation costs or agreeing to buy more quantity and by annulling the contract and signing a new contract with new terms. However Promissory Estoppels provides an alternate way of doing it without any consideration or annulment. Promissory Estoppels comes into effect when one of the parties has made a promise, the other party has relied on it substantially and when not enforcing a promise will lead to gross injustice to one of the parties. Thus the three main concepts of Promissory Estoppel are a clear and definite promise, substantial reliance on that promise and miscarriage of justice if promise is broken. The origin of the modern concept of Promissory Estoppels can be found in the case of Central London Property Trust Ltd vs. High Tree House Ltd (Farber & Matheson, 1985). The case was regarding raising the rent of a group of flats after the end of the Second World War. The landlord had made a promise that he would take reduced rent from the tenants during the course of the war. However when the war ended in 1945, he wanted the original rent to be restores. In this case the Judge Denning laid down the principals of promissory estoppels by saying that a promise which is intended to be binding is binding as far as it terms apply correctly. This paper discusses the concept of promissory estoppels as applied in USA; the cases of business contracts where relief can be accepted under promissory estoppels and where the claim for relief is likely to be rejected by courts. Bargain Theory of Consideration A contract is a binding agreement between two parties and is the basis for any business transaction between the two parties. Contracts are the heart and soul of all businesses. Some of the contracts are written whereas other may be simply oral or trust based. Before the concept of promissory estoppels was discovered, contracts were based solely on the bargain theory of consideration (Feinman, 1984).According to this theory; a promise is enforceable only if it is supported by a consideration which has been sought for or bargained for by the promisor in exchange for the promise made by him . The Bargain theory also requires mutual consent of the offer which means that a clear offer must be made and accepted by the other party for a contract to be enforceable. In the case of New Zealand Shipping co. Ltd vs. AM Satterthwaite & co Ltd; Lord Wilberforce has clearly stated that offer, acceptance and consideration are requirements for a contract to be valid. These three factors must also be accompanied with no mistake, misrepresentation and duress which can affect the